Map of Palladium Deposits Worldwide

PALLADIUM

Palladium has the symbol Pd and the atomic number 46. Palladium is a shiny silvery metal that resists corrosion, it is extremely ductile and easily worked.

As noted on the map Palladium (PD) is often associated with PGE. PGE are PLATINUM GROUP ELEMENTS.

The platinum group elements (PGE) consist of platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os) and iridium (Ir).

They are transition precious metallic elements with similar physical and chemical properties grouped together in the D-block in Groups 8, 9, and 10; and Periods 5, 6, and 7 of the Periodic Table.

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Palladium Occurrence and Extraction

PGE's always occur together in various types of mineral deposits, typically with variable grades of Ni, Cu, Co, and Au. Source: Science Direct.

Palladium is extracted commercially as a by-product of nickel refining. It is also extracted as a by-product of copper and zinc refining.

Uncombined it has been found in Brazil.

Palladium Uses

Palladium does not react with oxygen except at extreme temperatures. This means that in order to create palladium oxide, the palladium must be heated to over 800 degrees Celsius (1472 degrees Fahrenheit).

Therefore, palladium is not tarnished by the atmosphere at room temperature. Hence, its alloys serve as substitutes for platinum in jewelry and electrical contacts.

Palladium is used with gold to produce the best white gold.

Palladium is also used as a catalyst (a substance that speeds up chemical reactions without changing their products).

Palladium's primary use is as a catalytic converters to treat automobile exhaust emissions in the car industry. This industry accounts for 80% of Pd's use.

It is also useful in hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, and petroleum cracking.

In electronics, Pd is used to coat the electrodes of multilayer ceramic capacitors which can be found in laptops and cell phones. Source: Investopedia.

Currently, palladium enjoys status as a precious metal. Those who want to invest in precious metals can purchase palladium in the form of bullion coins and bars.

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Palladium Deposits

While it is possible to find palladium in nature, such deposits are rare.

Production is also limited, with 84 percent of the global palladium supply being produced by two countries: Russia (44%) and South Africa (40%). Other top producers of palladium are Canada (6%) and the United States (5%).

Russia

Russia produced 88,000 kilograms of palladium in 2022.

South Africa

South Africa's palladium production was of 80,000 kilograms.

Canada

Canada produced 15,000 kilograms of palladium in 2022.

Zimbabwe

Zimbabwe produced 12,000 kilograms of palladium in 2022.

United States

The United States produced 11,000 kilograms of palladium in 2022. Source: Investing News.

Palladium Controversy

Palladium is 30 times rarer than gold. This rarity affects its price. The lowest price of palladium was recorded in 1977 for $42.00/troy ounce.

Its highest price to date it has been $2,981/troy ounce in 2022. Source: Macrotrends.

Palladium is so expensive and so rare that thieves turned to robbing catalytic converters to sell its components, including Pd. Source: New York Times.

Palladium is included in the U.S. Critical Minerals list. These minerals are deemed critical minerals by the U.S. government in light of their role in national security or economic development.

Because large quantities of this element is in Russia and other countries, palladium is prone to a supply chain disruption. Source: IEA.org.

Map of Diamond Deposits Worldwide

Resources for World Palladium Deposits Map

The shapefiles with palladium deposits are from U.S. Geological Survey mineral databases; MRDS and MAS/MILS Data Series 52 By: E.J. McFaul, G.T. Mason, W.B. Ferguson, and B. R. Lipin. It can be downloaded from MRDATA.

The Shapefiles with countries were downloaded from Natural Earth.

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